07.pdf

Chapter 7

Component Data and

References

Component Data

None of us has the time or space to col-

lect all the literature available on the many

different commercially available manu-

factured components. Even if we did, the

task of keeping track of new and obsolete

devices would surely be formidable. For-

tunately, amateurs tend to use a limited

number of component types. This section,

by Douglas Heacock, AAØMS, provides

information on the components most often

used by the Amateur Radio experimenter.

that depends on the1 tolerance. For ±5%

devices, each value is approximately 1.1

times the next lower one. For ±10%

devices, the multiplier is 1.21, and for

±20% devices, the multiplier is 1.47. The

resultant values are rounded to make up

the series.

Tolerance refers to a range of accept-

able values above and below the specified

component value. For example, a 4700-Ω

resistor rated for ±20% tolerance can have

an actual value anywhere between 3760 Ω

and 5640

. You may always substitute a

closer-tolerance device for one with a

wider tolerance. For projects in this Hand-

book, assume a 10% tolerance if none is

specified.

Ω

COMPONENT MARKINGS

The values, tolerances or types of most

small components are typically marked

with a color code or an alphanumeric code

according to standards agreed upon by

component manufacturers. The Electronic

Industries Alliance (EIA) is a US agency

that sets standards for electronic compo-

nents, testing procedures, performance

and device markings. The EIA cooperates

with other standards agencies such as the

International Electrotechnical Commis-

sion (IEC), a worldwide standards agency.

You can often find published EIA stan-

dards in the engineering library of a col-

lege or university.

The standard EIA color code is used to

identify a variety of electronic compo-

nents. Most resistors are marked with

color bands according to the code, shown

in Table 7.2 . Some types of capacitors and

inductors are also marked using this color

code.

COMPONENT VALUES

Throughout this Handbook, composi-

tion resistors and small-value capacitors

are specified in terms of a system of “pre-

ferred values.” This system allows manu-

facturers to supply these components in a

standard set of values, which, when con-

sidered along with component toler-

ances, satisfy the vast majority of circuit

requirements.

The preferred values are based on a

roughly logarithmic scale of numbers

between 1 and 10. One decade of these

values for three common tolerance ratings

is shown in Table 7.1 .

Table 7.1 represents the two significant

digits in a resistor or capacitor value.

Multiply these numbers by multiples of ten

to get other standard values. For example,

22 pF, 2.2

Table 7.1

Standard Values for Resistors and

Capacitors

±5%

±10%

±20%

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

Resistor Markings

Carbon-composition, carbon-film, and

metal-film resistors are typically manufac-

tured in roughly cylindrical cases with axial

leads. They are marked with color bands as

shown in Fig 7.1A . The first two bands

represent the two significant digits of the

component value, the third band represents

the multiplier, and the fourth band (if there

4.3

4.7

F are all

standard capacitance values, available in

all three tolerances. Standard resistor val-

ues include 3.9 Ω, 390 Ω, 39000 Ω and

3.9 MΩ in ±5% and ±10% tolerances. All

standard resistance values, from less than

1 Ω to about 5 MΩ are based on this table.

Each value is greater than the next

smaller value by a multiplier factor

F, 220

F, and 2200

4.7

5.1

5.6

6.2

6.8

7.5

8.2

9.1

10.0

Component Data and References

7.1

Table 7.2

Resistor-Capacitor Color Codes

Color

Significant

Decimal

Tolerance

Voltage

Figure

Multiplier

(%)

Rating*

Black

Brown

100

Red

100

200

Orange

1,000

300

Yellow

10,000

400

Green

100,000

500

Blue

1,000,000

600

Violet

10,000,000

700

Gray

100,000,000

800

White

1,000,000,000

900

Gold

0.1

1000

Silver

0.01

2000

No color

500

Fig 7.2—Typical carbon-composition

resistor sizes.

*Applies to capacitors only

is one) represents the tolerance. Some units

are marked with a fifth band that represents

the percentage of resistance change per

1000 hours of oper-ation: brown = 1%; red

= 0.1%; orange = 0.01%; and yellow =

0.001%. Precision resistors (EIA Std RS-

279,Fig 7.1B) and some mil-spec (MIL

STD-1285A) resistors also use five color

bands. On precision resistors, the first three

bands are used for significant figures and

the space between the fourth and fifth bands

is wider than the others, to identify the tol-

erance band. On the military resistors, the

fifth band indicates reliability information,

such as failure rate.

For example, if a resistor of the type

shown in Fig 7.1A is marked with A = red;

B = red; C = orange; D = no color, the

significant figures are 2 and 2, the multi-

plier is 1000, and the tolerance is ±20%.

The device is a 22,000-Ω, ±20% unit.

Some resistors are made with radial

leads (Fig 7.1C) and are marked with a

color code in a slightly different scheme.

For example, a resistor as shown in

Fig 7.1C is marked as follows: A (body) =

blue; B (end) = gray; C (dot) = red; D (end)

= gold. The significant figures are 6 and 8,

the multiplier is 100, and the tolerance is

±5%; 6800

ratings of 1 / 10 , 1 / 8 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 2 , 1 and 2 W. The

1 / 10 - and 1 / 8 -W sizes are relatively expen-

sive and difficult to purchase in small

quantities. They are used only where

miniaturization is essential. The 1 / 4 , 1 / 2 ,

1, and 2-W composition resistor pack-

ages are drawn to scale in Fig 7.2. Metal-

film resistors are typically slightly

smaller than carbon-composition units of

the same power rating. Film resistors can

usually be identified by a glossy enamel

coating and an hourglass profile. Carbon-

film and metal-film are the most com-

monly available resistors today, having

largely replaced the less-stable carbon-

composition resistors.

Ω

with ±5% tolerance.

Resistor Power Ratings

Carbon-composition and metal-film

resistors are available in standard power

Capacitor Markings

A variety of systems for capacitor mark-

ings are in use. Some use color bands,

some use combinations of numbers and

letters. Capacitors may be marked with

their value, tolerance, temperature char-

acteristics, voltage ratings or some subset

of these specifications. Fig 7.3 shows sev-

eral popular capacitor marking systems.

In addition to the value, ceramic disk

capacitors may be marked with an alpha-

numeric code signifying temperature

characteristics . Table 7.3 explains the

EIA code for ceramic-disk capacitor tem-

perature characteristics. The code is made

up of one character from each column in

the table. For example, a capacitor marked

Z5U is suitable for use between +10 and

+85°C, with a maximum change in capaci-

tance of –56% or +22%.

Capacitors with highly predictable tem-

perature coefficients of capacitance are

sometimes used in oscillators that must be

frequency stable with temperature. If an

application called for a temperature coef-

ficient of –750 ppm/°C (N750), a capaci-

Common Resistors

(A)

D E

Fig 7.1—Color coding and

body size for fixed resistors.

The color code is given in

Table 7.2. The colored areas

have the following

significance.

A—First significant figure of

resistance in ohms.

B—Second significant

figure.

C—Decimal multiplier.

D—Resistance in percent. If

no color is shown the

tolerance is ±20%.

E—Relative percent change

in value per 1000 hours of

operation; Brown, 1%;

Red 0.1%; Orange 0.01%;

Yellow 0.001%.

High Precision

(B)

Wide Space

(C)

7.2

Chapter 7

−

First Significant Figure

−

Second Significant Figure

Std.

Color

Code

1st Significant Figure in pF

2nd Significant Figure in pF

Multiplier

Voltage

Decimal Multiplier

−

Temperature

Coefficient

Std.

Color

Code

D − Capacitance

Multiplier

1st Significant Figure in pF

2nd Significant Figure in pF

Multiplier

Tolerance

Voltage

Yellow

Green

Blue

Gray

White

Black

Pink

6.3

Gray

White

Black

Brown

Red

x 0.01

x 1

x 10

x 100

Color Code for Ceramic Capacitors

Capacitance

Tolerance

Deci-

ma l

Multi-

plier

tha n

10 pF

(in %)

Less

tha n

10 pF

(in pF )

Temp.

C oeff.

ppm/

deg. C

Brown

Red

Yellow

100

250

400

Black

White

Green

± 20%

± 10%

± 5%

Signi-

fica nt

Figure

Color

Black

Brown

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Gray

White

100

1000

±20

± 1

± 2

2.0

−

150

−

220

−

330

−

470

−

750

500

Capacitance ( µ F)

Polyester Capacitors

(B)

Stripe Indicates

Positive Lead

± 5

0.5

Rated Voltage (V)

0.01

0.1

0.25

1.0

±10

Tantalum Capacitors

(D)

(A)

Temperature Coefficient

Color Code

120 pF

± 10%

4.7 pF

± 0.5 pF

0.01

± 20%

56p

103M

121K

4R7D

Tolerance

Significant

Figures of

Capacitance

Decimal Point

and Multiplier

p = x 10-12 (pF)

n = x 10-9 (nF)

1st Digit

2nd Digit

(pF )

0.68

0.82

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.2

2.7

3.3

3.9

4.7

5.6

6.8

8.2

Marking

p68

p62

1p0

1p2

1p5

1p8

2p2

2p7

3p3

3p9

4p7

5p6

6p8

8p2

10p

12p

(pF )

100

120

150

180

220

270

Marking

15p

18p

22p

27p

33p

39p

47p

56p

68p

82p

n10

n12

n15

n18

n22

n27

1st Digit

2nd Digit

Multiplier

Tolerance

Decimal Point

Multiplier

Number

Tolerance

Temperature

C oefficient

Multiply B y

NONE

100

1000

10,000

Letter

≤

10 pF

≥

10 pF

Color

± 0.1 pF

± 0.25 pF

± 0.5 pF

−

± 1

−

± 25%

± 1%

± 2%

± 2.5%

± 5%

± 10%

± 20%

−

Black

Brown

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Gray

White

Red and

Violet

NP0

N030/N033

N075/N080

N 150

N 220

N 330

N 470

N 750

−

P 100

Ceramic Capacitors

0 +100%

−

20 +50%

European Markings

(F)

(E)

−

0 +200%

−

20 +40%

−

20 +80%

L e tte r

Designator

"C haracteristic"

Max C apacitance

Drift

"C haracteristic"

Max R ange of

Temp Coeff

(ppm / deg. C )

Not Specified

±200

±100

− 20 to +100

0 to +70

MIL V oltage

Rating (V)

C apactitance

Tolerance

(P ercent)

EIA or MIL Characteristic (see chart)

EIA Lead Style

C = Crimped

S = Straight

MIL Vibration Grade

1 = 10 - 55 Hz

3 = 10 - 2000 Hz

STYLE

DM = Dipped Mica

CM = Molded

Not Specified

±(0.5% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.3% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.1% + 0.1 pF)

±(0.05% + 0.1 pF)

100

250

300

500

600

1000

1200

1500

2000

2500

3000

4000

±1

±2

±5

±10

±20

R DM 15 FE 561(R) K 5 O (S)

EIA Prefix

−

Temperature Range

M =

MIL

−

No Letter

−

55° to +70° C

N =

−

55° to +85° C

O =

55° to +125° C

P = − 55° to +150° C

−

Case Size

EIA DC working voltage

in hundreds of volts

EIA or MIL Voltage

Rating (see chart)

Capacitance tolerance

(see chart)

Capacitance in pF. First two digits significant figures, third digit

indicates zeros. Letter R, when used, indicates the decimal point

when three-significant-figure values are required. (Value shown is

561.0 pF.)

MIL voltage ratings for other letter designators: N=5000 V, P=6000 V, Q=8000

V, R=10,000 V, S-12,000 V, T=15,000 V, U=20,000 V, V=25,000 V, W=30,000

V, X=35,000 V.

EIA or MIL Designation for Mica Capacitors

(G)

HBK05_07-003

Fig 7.3—Capacitors can be identified by color codes and markings. Shown here are identifying markings found on many

common capacitor types.

Component Data and References

7.3

tor marked U2J would be suitable. The

older industry code for these ratings is

being replaced with the EIA code shown

in Table 7.4 . NP0 (that is, N-P-zero)

means “negative, positive, zero.” It is a

characteristic often specified for RF cir-

cuits requiring temperature stability, such

as VFOs. A capacitor of the proper value

marked C0G is a suitable replacement for

an NP0 unit.

Some capacitors, such as dipped silver-

mica units, have a letter designating the

capacitance tolerance. These letters are

deciphered in Table 7.5 .

Table 7.3

EIA Temperature Characteristic Codes for Ceramic Disc Capacitors

Minimum

Maximum

Maximum capacitance

temperature

change over temperature range

X –55°C

2 +45°C

A ±1.0%

Y –30°C

4 +65°C

B ±1.5%

Z +10°C

5 +85°C

C ±2.2%

6 +105°C

D ±3.3%

7 +125°C

E ±4.7%

F ±7.5%

P ±10%

R ±15%

S ±22%

T –33%, +22%

U –56%, +22%

V –82%, +22%

Surface-Mount Resistor and

Capacitor Markings

Many different types of electronic com-

ponents, both active and passive, are now

available in surface-mount packages. These

are commonly known as chip resistors and

capacitors. The very small size of these

components leaves little space for marking

with conventional codes, so brief alphanu-

meric codes are used to convey the most

information in the smallest possible space.

Surface-mount resistors are typically

marked with a three- or four-digit value

code and a character indicating tolerance.

The nominal resistance, expressed in

ohms, is identified by three digits for 2%

(and greater) tolerance devices. The first

two digits represent the significant fig-

ures; the last digit specifies the multiplier

as the exponent of ten. (It may be easier to

remember the multiplier as the number of

zeros you must add to the significant fig-

ures.) For values less than 100 Ω, the

letter R is substituted for one of the sig-

nificant digits and represents a decimal

point. Here are some examples:

Table 7.7 ) and a number indicating the

multiplier (see Table 7.8 ). The code rep-

resents the capacitance in picofarads. For

example, a chip capacitor marked “A4”

would have a capacitance of 10,000 pF, or

0.01 µF. A unit marked “N1” would be a

Table 7.4

EIA Capacitor Temperature-

Coefficient Codes

Industry

EIA

NP0

C0G

N033

S1G

N075

U1G

N150

P2G

Table 7.7

SMT Capacitor Significant Figures

Code

N220

R2G

Industry

EIA

N330

S2H

N470

U2J

N1500

P3K

Character Significant

N2200

R3L

Figures

1.0

5.1

1.1

5.6

1.2

6.2

1.3

6.8

Table 7.5

EIA Capacitor Tolerance Codes

1.5

7.5

1.6

8.2

1.8

9.1

2.0

2.5

Code

Tolerance

2.2

3.5

± 1 / 4 pF

2.4

4.0

± 1 / 2 pF

2.7

4.5

±1 pF or ±1%

Resistor

Code

3.0

5.0

±2 pF or ±2%

Value

3.3

6.0

±5%

3.6

7.0

101

10 and 1 zero = 100 Ω

±10%

3.9

8.0

224

22 and 4 zeros = 220,000

Ω

±15%

4.3

9.0

1R0

1.0 and no zeros = 1

Ω

±20%

4.7

±30%

22R

22.0 and no zeros = 22 Ω

P or GMV*

–0%, +100%

R10

0.1 and no zeros = 0.1

Ω

–20%, +40%

–20%, +50%

–20%, +80%

If the tolerance of the unit is narrower

than ±2%, the code used is a four-digit code

where the first three digits are the signifi-

cant figures and the last is the multiplier.

The letter R is used in the same way to

represent a decimal point. For example,

1001 indicates a 1000-

Table 7.8

SMT Capacitor Multiplier Codes

*GMV = guaranteed minimum value.

Numeric

Decimal

Character

Multiplier

Table 7.6

SMT Resistor Tolerance Codes

Ω

unit, and 22R0

100

indicates a 22-

unit. The tolerance rating

for a surface-mount resistor is expressed

with a single character at the end of the

numeric value code in Table 7.6 .

Surface-mount capacitors are marked

with a two-character code consisting of a

letter indicating the significant digits (see

Ω

1,000

10,000

Letter

Tolerance

100,000

±0.5%

1,000,000

±1.0%

10,000,000

±2.0%

100,000,000

±5.0%

0.1

7.4

Chapter 7

Table 7.9

Powdered-Iron Toroidal Cores: Magnetic Properties

Inductance and Turns Formula

The turns required f or a given inductance or inductance for a given number of turns can be calculated from:













N =

100





10,000

where N = number of turns; L = desired inductance (

H ); A L = inductance index (

H per 100 turns).*

AL Values

Mix

Size

26**

T-12

7.5

3.0

T-16

145

8.0

3.0

T-20

180

10.0

3.5

T-25

235

100

12.0

4.5

T-30

325

140

16.0

6.0

T-37

275

120

15.0

4.9

T-44

360

180

160

105

18.5

6.5

T-50

320

175

135

100

18.0

6.4

T-68

420

195

180

115

21.0

7.5

T-80

450

180

170

115

22.0

8.5

T-94

590

248

200

160

32.0

10.6

T-106

900

450

345

325

135

133

116

19.0

T-130

785

350

250

200

110

103

15.0

T-157

870

420

360

320

140

115

T-184

1640

720

500

240

195

T-200

895

425

250

120

105

100

*The units of AL (

H per 100 turns) are an industry standard; however, to get a correct result use AL only in the formula above.

**Mix-26 is similar to the older Mix-41, but can provide an extended frequency range.

Magnetic Properties Iron Powder Cores

Mix

Color

Material

Temp stability

f (MHz)

Notes

(ppm/°C)

Yellow/white

Hydrogen reduced

825

dc - 1

Used for EMI filters and dc chokes

Gray

Carbonyl HP

370

0.05 - 0.50

Excellent stability, good Q for lower

frequencies

Red/white

Carbonyl GS6

190

0.10 - 2

Excellent stability, good Q

Blue

Carbonyl C

280

0.50 - 5

Similar to Mix-3, but better stability

Red

Carbonyl E

2 - 30

High Q material

White

Carbonyl TH

3 - 35

Similar to Mix-2 and Mix-6, but better

temperature stability

Yellow

Carbonyl SF

10 - 50

Very good Q and temp. stability for

20-50 MHz

Black

Powdered iron W

150

30 - 100

Good Q and stability for 40 - 100 MHz

Green/white

Synthetic oxide

170

50 - 200

Good Q, moderate temperature stability

Blue/yellow

Carbonyl

40 - 180

Similar to Mix-12, better temperature

stability, Q drops about 10% above 50 MHz,

20% above 100 MHz

Tan

phenolic

100 - 300

Inductance may vary greatly with winding

technique

Courtesy of Amidon Assoc and Micrometals

Note: Color codes hold only for cores manufactured by Micrometals, which makes the cores sold by most Amateur Radio distributors.

33-pF capacitor. If there is sufficient space

on the device package, a tolerance code

may be included (see Fig 7.3E for toler-

ance codes). Surface-mount capacitors

can be very small; you may need a magni-

fying glass to read the markings.

Fig 7.4—Color coding for tubular

encapsulated RF chokes. At A, an

example of the coding for an 8.2-

MIL Spec Ident

(Silver)

Second Fig

(Red)

First Fig

(Gray)

Tolerance

(Silver)

µ H

choke is given. At B, the color bands

for a 330-

µ H inductor are illustrated.

The color code is given in Table 7.2.

Decimal

(Gold)

8.2 µ H ±10%

(A)

INDUCTORS AND CORE

MATERIALS

Inductors, both fixed and variable, are

available in a wide variety of types and

packages, and many offer few clues as to

their values. Some coils and chokes are

marked with the EIA color code shown in

Table 7.2. See Fig 7.4 for another marking

MIL Spec Ident

(Silver)

Multiplier

(Brown)

First Fig

(Orange)

Second Fig

(Orange)

330 µ H ±5%

(B)

Tolerance

(Gold)

HBK0

0 04

Component Data and References

7.5

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