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Essentials of Chinese Medicine
Zhanwen Liu
Editor
Liang Liu
Associate Editor
Warner Fan
English Consultant
Shiping Zhang
Associate English Consultant
Editorial Team
Baixiao Zhao
Chunguang Xie
Cunku Chang
Haihong Zhu
Hongyi Hu
Kui Wang
Lanzheng Li
Songping Luo
Yuxiang Zhai
Zhaoxiang Bian
Essentials of Chinese
Medicine
Vo l u m e 1
Foundations of Chinese Medicine
123
Editor
Associate Editor
Zhanwen Liu
Dept. Health Preservation & Rehab
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
11 Beisanhuan East Road
Chaoyang 100029, Beijing
PR China
liuzhanwen4569@sina.com
Liang Liu
School of Chinese Medicine
Hong Kong Baptist University
Kowloon Tong
Kowloon
Hong Kong/PR China
liuliang@hkbu.edu.hk
ISBN 978-1-84882-589-5
e-ISBN 978-1-84882-590-1
DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-590-1
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009926514
Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publish-
ers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to
the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free
for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information
contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made.
Cover design : eStudio Calamar S.L.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
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Foreword
The Essentials of Chinese Medicine is a text book intended for international students
who wish to gain a basic understanding of Chinese Medicine (CM) at the university
level. The idea of writing such a text was originated from the Sino-American
Consortium for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine (SACACM), which was
founded in February 2000. In 1995, the British Hong Kong Administration set up a
Preparatory Committee for the Development of Chinese Medicine to look into ways
of bringing Chinese medical practice and herbal trade under proper control and reg-
ulation. After the reunification of Hong Kong with mainland China in 1997, the
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region continued the efforts
to uplift the practice of CM to a fully professional level through legislation.
To help bring up a new generation of professional CM practitioners, the Hong
Kong Baptist University (HKBU) obtained approval from the Government’s univer-
sity funding authority to develop a School of Chinese Medicine to prepare students
who will meet the future professional requirements through public examinations.
In order to establish itself quickly as a rigorous provider of university level CM
education, HKBU sought alliance with eight major CM universities in the Chinese
Mainland, and one US university which was interested in developing CM educa-
tion within its medical college. As a result, the Consortium known as SACACM
was formed, with ten founding institutions from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shan-
dong, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong, and the United States. (The
University of Macau and the Macao University of Science and Technology joined
the Consortium 2 years later.)
One of the first projects the Consortium decided to pursue was the writing of a
high quality CM text book in English to be endorsed by the member institutions as
the foundation for the study of traditional Chinese medicine. The Beijing Univer-
sity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, being one of the oldest and better developed
institutions in the field, was nominated to be the coordinating university for the
project, with the active assistance of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese
Medicine of China (SATCM). The initial funding for the project was provided by
the Hong Kong Baptist University and the Ohio University of the USA. An edito-
rial committee was formed to decide on the general coverage and level of the text,
and each of the member universities of CM were requested to nominate their senior
professors to write the assigned chapters according to their fields of specialty. These
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