Illustrated History of Ancient Rome.pdf

Ancient Rome

AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Marshall Cavendish

Reference

New York

Marshall Cavendish

This publication represents the opinions

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ancient Rome : an illustrated history.

p. cm.

Includes index.

Marshall Cavendish is a trademark of

Times Publishing Limited

ISBN 978-0-7614-9956-5 (alk. paper)

All websites were available and accurate

when this book was sent to press.

1. Rome--History. 2. Rome--Civilization. 3. Rome--Social

life and customs.

DG78.A626 2010

937--dc22

P HOTOGRAPHIC C REDITS

Front Cover: iStockphoto: Studio Campo

(background); Shutterstock: Ariy (main).

Back Cover: iStockphoto: Studio Campo

(background); Shutterstock: Ariy (main).

Inside: AKG: 12, 14, 20, 50, 54, 57, 76, 79, 91,

96, 106, 109, 114, 119, Herve Champollion 35,

75, Keith Collie 92, Peter Connolly 63, 120,

Gerard Degeorge 55, Jean-Paul Dumontier 103,

Electa 46, 99,Tristan Lafrancis 23, Erich Lessing

9, 28, 38, 39, 69, 94, 101, 107, 112, 115,

Museum Kalkriese 74, Nimtallah 88, 108, 113,

Pirozzi 10, 81, 83, 110, Rabatti-Domingie 27t,

66, Jurgen Sorge 60; Corbis: 11, 33, Alantide

Phototravel 41, Jonathan Blair 129, Burstein

Collection 58, Gianni Dagli Orti 36, Araldo De

Luca 48, 52, 67, Chris Hellier 43, Johansen

Karuse/Archivo Iconographic, SA 40,Vanni

Archive 53, Sandro Vannini 65, Roger Wood 45;

Mary Evans Picture Library: 22t, 29, 47, 61,

71, 89; Shutterstock: Ariy 3, Konstantin

Baskakpv 131, Ant Clausen 162, Lou Lou

Photos 132, Olga Skalkina 34,Valeria73 1,

Dmitry Zamorin 5; Topham: 18, 82, 90, AA

World Travel Library 16, 98, 111, 127, Alinari 7,

15, 19, 31, 78, 87, 93, 104, ARPL 69, British

Library/HIP 13, 25, 27b, 86, Museum of

London 117, Michael Rhodes 80, Roger-

Viollet 22b, 37, 51, 62, 105, 121, 125, 130,

World History Archive 85; Werner Forman:

17, 122, 124, 133, British Museum 73, 95,

Museo Nazionale Romano 77, 118, 123.

2010002925

Printed in Malaysia

14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5

M ARSHALL C AVENDISH

Publisher: Paul Bernabeo

Project Editor: Brian Kinsey

Production Manager: Mike Esposito

T HE B ROW N R EFERENCE G ROUP PLC

Managing Editor:Tim Harris

Designer: Lynne Lennon

Picture Researcher: Laila Torsun

Indexer: Ann Barrett

Design Manager: David Poole

Editorial Director: Lindsey Lowe

CONTENTS

Foreword

Expanding the Empire

100

Early Rome

Daily Life in Rome

116

Rome's Early Wars

and Conquests

The Edges of the

Empire

126

The Punic Wars

The Decline of Rome

134

Revolution and Reform

The Disintegration of the

Empire

148

The End of the Republic

Glossary

160

The Age of Augustus

Major Historical Figures

163

The Julio-Claudian

Emperors

Index

164

FOREWORD

T o begin a study of Roman history is to

1815 was compared to that of Scipio and

Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE.

Parallels such as these have been drawn regu-

larly over the centuries. George Washington has

been compared to Cincinnatus, and Theodore

Roosevelt has been compared to Tiberius

Gracchus. In an essay published in 1909,

Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of

Marlborough, likened the suffragist Christabel

Pankhurst to Hortensia, daughter of the famous

republican orator Hortensius. Hortensia fol-

lowed in her father’s footsteps and delivered

a speech to the members of the Second

Triumvirate in 42 BCE that succeeded in gain-

ing a reduction in taxes on wealthy women.

British statesmen such as Winston Churchill

and Harold Macmillan were steeped in Roman

history. Churchill said he had “devoured”

Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire as a young man. In 1995, U.S. Senator

Robert C. Byrd (who celebrated 50 years of

service in the Senate in 2009) published his

thoughts on the Roman senate’s actions dur-

ing the years of the republic. Nineteenth- and

twentieth-century historical and cultural studies

are couched in references to “America’s Rome”

and “Britain’s Greece,” and those ideas in turn

refer back to assumptions and conclusions

formed during the Renaissance and Middle

Ages concerning Roman civilization.

Popular culture has its own adaptations of

Roman history that are enjoyed the world over.

Visual interpretations are especially popular as

widespread interest in films such as William

begin the study of Western civilization,

and this introductory work provides a fine place

to start. In truth, all roads lead not only to

Rome, but from Rome. Upon Rome’s extensive

system of roads moved not just the building

blocks of society and commerce, but also an

invisible cargo of ideas that connected Roman

society and later the Christian Church, early

modern Europe, and all that followed.

Roman culture was syncretic from the

beginning. The early years of monarchy

(753–510 BCE) witnessed the amalgamation of

Etruscans, Oscans, Sabines, and other Italic peo-

ples. Bit by bit the Romans of the republican

period (510 BCE–27 BCE) extended their

imperium. By 270 BCE, Rome controlled the

entire Italian Peninsula. The expansions contin-

ued and established the foundation for an empire

that by 116 CE would encompass more than 6.5

million square miles (16.8 million sq. km) under

the emperor Trajan.At this time the empire cov-

ered the full perimeter of the Mediterranean

Sea, stretching north to Scotland, south to

Arabia, and east to Mesopotamia.

Few Westerners today, be they from the

Americas, Russia, or Europe, misinterpret the

meaning of the nouns “czar,” “kaiser,” or

“caesar,” the last being the Latin root of the first

two words, as well as the name of the man many

deem the most famous in history. Napoleon and

the Duke of Wellington both carried copies of

Caesar’s Commentaries on their campaigns, and

their engagement at the Battle of Waterloo in

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