How Does MRI Work 2nd ed - D. Weishaupt, V. Kochli, B. Marincek (Springer, 2006) WW.pdf - książki - Bio Med 14 - bibiariel

Dominik Weishaupt · Victor D. Köchli · Borut Marincek

How Does MRI Work?

Dominik Weishaupt

Victor D. Köchli

Borut Marincek

How Does MRI Work?

An Introduction to the Physics and Function

of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Second Edition

Contributors:

J. M. Froehlich, D. Nanz, K. P. Pruessmann

With 57 Figures and 9 Tables

123

Dominik Weishaupt, MD

Associate Professor

Institute of Diagnostic Radiology

Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Contributors:

Klaas P. Pruessmann, PhD

Assistant Professor

Institute of Biomedical Engineering

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

Victor D. Köchli, MD

Rötelstrasse 30, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland

Borut Marincek, MD

Professor and Chairman

Institute of Diagnostic Radiology

Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Johannes M. Froehlich, PhD

Guerbet AG

Winterthurerstrasse 92, 8006 Zurich,

Switzerland

Daniel Nanz, PhD

Department of Medical Radiology

Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Translator:

Bettina Herwig

Hauptstraße 4 H, 10317 Berlin, Germany

Library of Congress Control Number: 200 69 24 129

ISBN-10 3-540-30067-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

ISBN-13 978-3-540-30067-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

1st Edition

ISBN-10 3-540-44094-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

ISBN-13 978-3-540-30067-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Title of the Original German Edition: Wie funktioniert MRI? (5. Auage)

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Editor: Dr. Ute Heilmann, Heidelberg

Desk Editor: Wilma McHugh, Heidelberg

Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, eStudio Calamar, Spain

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Titel

Preface

It is with great pleasure that we present this completely revised English edi-

tion of our book How Does MRI Work? An Introduction to the Physics and

Function of Magnetic Resonance Imaging only two years aer publication of

the rst English edition. We are particularly pleased that our introductory

textbook met with great approval in the English-speaking world and not just

in the German-speaking countries. is success has been an enormous in-

centive for us to further improve and update the text. For this reason, we are

now presenting a second edition. All chapters have been thoroughly revised

and updated to include the latest developments in the ever-changing eld of

MRI technology. In particular, the chapter on cardiovascular imaging has

been improved and expanded. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution

of Daniel Nanz, PhD, the author of this chapter. Moreover, two completely

new chapters have been added: “Fat Suppression Techniques” and “High-

Field Clinical MR Imaging”.

Notwithstanding these additions, the intended readership of our book

remains the same: it is not a book for MR specialists or MR physicists but

for our students, residents, and technologists, in short, all those who are

interested in MRI and are looking for an easy-to-understand introduction

to the technical basis of this imaging modality at the beginning of their MRI

training.

e second English edition presented here corresponds to and appears

together with the completely revised h German edition.

e authors gratefully acknowledge the support of numerous persons

without whose contributions the new German and English editions of our

book would not have been possible. First of all, we thank our readers, in

particular those who bought and read the preceding versions and provided

oral and written comments with valuable suggestions for improvement.

We should furthermore like to thank Klaas P. Pruessmann, PhD, and Jo-

hannes M. Froehlich, PhD, for their excellent introductions to parallel im-

aging and MR contrast agents.

Special thanks are due to our translator, Bettina Herwig, who very know-

ledgeably and with great care translated the entire text and provided valu-

able advice in preparing the new edition.

Finally, we would like to thank Springer-Verlag, in particular Dr. U. Heil-

mann, W. McHugh, and Dr. L. Ruettinger, for their cooperation.

For the authors:

Dominik Weishaupt, MD

January 2006

Titel

VII

Contents

Spin and the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon ....... 1

Relaxation ................................................................... 7

2.1

T1: Longitudinal Relaxation ............................................... 7

2.2

T2/T2*: Transverse Relaxation ............................................ 8

Image Contrast ............................................................ 11

3.1

Repetition Time (TR) and T1 Weighting ............................... 12

3.2

Echo Time (TE) and T2 Weighting ...................................... 13

3.3

Saturation at Short Repetition Times ................................... 15

3.4

Flip Angle (Tip Angle) .................................................... 17

3.5

Presaturation ................................................................ 18

3.6

Magnetization Transfer .................................................... 19

Slice Selection and Spatial Encoding ................................. 21

4.1

ree-Dimensional Spatial Encoding ................................... 26

4.2

K-Space ...................................................................... 27

5 Factors Aecting the Signal-to-Noise Ratio ........................ 29

5.1 Pixel, Voxel, Matrix ........................................................ 30

5.2 Slice ickness and Receiver Bandwidth ............................... 30

5.3 Field of View and Matrix .................................................. 32

5.4 Number of Excitations ..................................................... 36

5.5 Imaging Parameters ........................................................ 36

5.6 Magnetic Field Strength ................................................... 36

5.7 Coils .......................................................................... 37

5.7.1 Volume Coils ................................................................ 37

5.7.2 Surface Coils ................................................................ 37

5.7.3 Intracavity Coils ............................................................ 37

5.7.4 Phased-Array Coils ........................................................ 38

The MR Scanner ........................................................... 41

6.1

e Magnet .................................................................. 42

6.2

e Gradient System ....................................................... 44

6.3

e Radiofrequency System .............................................. 45

6.4

e Computer System ..................................................... 45

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